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IAPAE International Map Reference List
As an IAPAE Member you have access to the IAPAE International Map Reference list of countries with PA/PA Analogues
Complete list of References with URL and link to Open Source articles available to IAPAE Members in the members section.
Reference list compiled by Scott Smalley, IAPAE Immediate Past President.
- AFRICA
- ASIA
- EUROPE
- CENTRAL/NORTH/SOUTH AMERICA
- OCEANIA
- GLOBAL
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Africa
|
Angola
|
Tecnicos de Medicina
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Africa
|
Benin
|
Clinical Officer
|
Bio AA, Boko PM, Dossou YA, Tougoue JJ, Kabore A, Sounouvou I, et al. Prevalence of Trachoma in Northern Benin: Results from 11 Population-Based Prevalence Surveys Covering 26 Districts. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017; 24(4):265-273. doi:10.1080/09286586.2017.1279337.
|
|
Africa
|
Botswana
|
Doctor Assistant
|
Mothebe S. Botswana's doctor assistant. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Africa
|
Burkina Faso
|
Clinical Officer
|
Hounton S, Newlands D, Meda N, Brouwere VD. A cost-effectiveness study of caesarean-section deliveries by clinical officers, general practitioners and obstetricians in Burkina Faso. Human Resources for Health 2009;7:34. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-7-34.
|
|
Africa
|
Burundi
|
Technicale Paramedicales
|
Bizumuremyi C, Ngendakumana JC. Burundi-in the heart of Africa: techniques paramédicales. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Africa
|
Cameroon
|
Clinical Officer
|
Oye J, Mactaggart I, Polack S, Schmidt E, Tamo V, Okwen M, et al. Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment in Fundong District, North West Cameroon: Results of a Population-Based Survey. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017;24(6):394-400. doi:10.1080/09286586.2017.1313992.
|
|
Africa
|
Cape Verde
|
Health Officer
|
Ferrinho P, Mendonça ML, Delgado AP. The need for planning training among public health officers in Cape Verde. Int J Health Plann Mgmt. 2018:1–5. doi:10.1002/hpm.2650.
|
|
Africa
|
Central African Republic
|
Clinical Officer
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42.
|
|
Africa
|
Chad
|
Medical Assistant
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42.
|
|
Africa
|
Cote d'Ivoire
|
Medical Assistant
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42.
|
|
Africa
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
Clinical Officer
|
Ratnayake R, Wittcoff A, Majaribu J, Nzweve J-P, Katembo L, Kasonia K, et al. Experiences in the Integration of Non-communicable Diseases into Emergency Primary Health Care, Beni Region, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Annals of Global Health. 2021;87(1):1–12. doi:10.5334/aogh.3019.
|
|
Africa
|
Eritrea
|
Clinical Officer
|
Semere M, LwamGhirmay, Weldegergis M, Rezene A. Knowledge, Perception, and Barriers of Reporting of Nurses on Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Immunization in Zobamaekel, Eritrea. ARC J Pub Health Commun Med. 2019;4(3):1-12. doi:10.20431/2456-0596.0403001.
|
|
Africa
|
Ethiopia
|
Health Officer
|
Negash FT. Health officer: a physician assistant comparable role in Ethiopia. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Africa
|
Ethiopia
|
Integrated Emergency Surgical Officer
|
Negash FT. Emergency surgical officer: the Ethiopian integrated innovative masters PA analogue profession. SIJ. 2021;8:1-6.
|
|
Africa
|
Gabon
|
Clinical Officer
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Africa
|
Ghana
|
Physician Assistant
|
Bantey RD, Arkoh AA. The evolution of training and practice of physician assistantship in Ghana. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Africa
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
Clinical Officer
|
Mullan F, Frehywot S. Non-physician clinicians in 47 sub-Saharan African countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9605):2158-2163. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60785-5.
|
|
Africa
|
Kenya
|
Clinical Officer
|
Akinyi AD, Choge JK. Clinical officers: the heart of Kenyan healthcare. SIJ. 2021;8:1-10.
|
|
Africa
|
Liberia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Kollie J. Liberia physician assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Africa
|
Madagascar
|
Clinical Officer
|
Randremanana RV, Razafindratsimandresy R, Andriatahina T, Randriamanantena A, Ravelomanana L, Randrianirina F, et al. Etiologies, Risk Factors and Impact of Severe Diarrhea in the Under-Fives in Moramanga and Antananarivo, Madagascar. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7):1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158862.
|
|
Africa
|
Malawi
|
Medical Assistant
|
Chomba SD. Two for one: the tandem PA comparable in Malawi. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Africa
|
Mali
|
Clinical Officer
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42.
|
|
Africa
|
Mauritius
|
Community Health Care Officer
|
Mauritius Public Service Public Advertisement. Community Health Care Officer Role. Public Service Commission. Published 2021.
|
|
Africa
|
Mozambique
|
Tecnicos de Medicina Geral
|
Feldacker C, et al. The effect of pre-service training on post-graduation skill and knowledge retention among mid-level healthcare providers in Mozambique. Human Resources for Health. 2015:13(20):1-12. doi:10.1186/s12960-015-0011-9.
|
|
Africa
|
Mozambique
|
Tecnicos de Cirurgia
|
Kruk ME, Pereir C, Vaz F, Bergstrom S, Galeae S. Economic evaluation of surgically trained assistant medical officers in performing major obstetric surgery in Mozambique. BJOG. 2007;114:1253–1260. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01443.x.
|
|
Africa
|
Namibia
|
Clinical Officer
|
Kamwi RN. Regulations relating to minimum requirements of study for registration of Clinical Officer and Clinical Officer Intern: Medical and Dental Act, 2004. Namibian Ministry of Health and Social Services. 2015;1-6.
|
|
Africa
|
Nigeria
|
Community Health Officer
|
Ajisegiri WS, et al. “We just have to help”: Community health workers’ informal task-shifting and task-sharing practices for hypertension and diabetes care in Nigeria. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1-11. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1038062.
|
|
Africa
|
Nigeria
|
Community Health Technologist
|
Ebuehi OM, Campbell PC. Attraction and retention of qualified health workers to rural areas in Nigeria: a case study of four LGAs in Ogun State, Nigeria. Rural and Remote Health 2011;11:1-11.
|
|
Africa
|
Nigeria
|
Community Health Scientist
|
Trust A. Community health monitors inaugurated in Kaduna. Daily Trust Newspaper of Nigeria. Published September 22, 2022.
|
|
Africa
|
Rwanda
|
Clinical Officer
|
Rutatina N, Nsanzabera C. Rwanda, the land of a thousand hills and clinical officers. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Africa
|
Sierra Leone
|
Community Health Assistant
|
Kargbo L, Sillah M. Sierra Leone and the Community Health Officer. SIJ. 2021;8:1-6.
|
|
Africa
|
Sierra Leone
|
Community Health Technician
|
Sierra Leone Parliament. Community Health Practitioners Act, 2017. Gazette No. 39 of August 18, 2016. Freetown: Published May 17, 2017. https://www.parliament.gov.sl/uploads/bill_files/The%20Comm.%20Health%20Practitioners%20Act,%202017.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2023.
|
|
Africa
|
Sierra Leone
|
Community Health Officer
|
Wunda A. Community Health Officers (CHOs) and Community Health Assistants (CHAs) Should Be Regulated. Calabash News Sierra Network. Published April 31, 2020. https://snradio.net/community-health-officers-chos-and-community-health-assistants-chas-should-be-regulated/. Accessed April 27, 2023.
|
|
Africa
|
Somalia
|
Clinical Officer
|
Omar NMS. Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors Affecting the Development of Postpartum Acute
Kidney Injury in Somalia: Single-Center Experience. International Journal of Women's Health. 2022;14:881-888. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S372453.
|
|
Africa
|
Somaliland
|
Clinical Health Officer
|
Omar K. Somaliland: The Clinical Health Officer. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Africa
|
South Africa
|
Clinical Associate
|
Smalley S, Tshotetsi L. Clinical associates in South Africa - a brief history of the profession. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Africa
|
South Sudan
|
Clinical Officer
|
Meckel M. Rebuilding health infrastructure in war-torn South Sudan. Clinical Advisor. Published April 27, 2015. https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/home/multimedia/global-health-rounds/rebuilding-health-infrastructure-in-war-torn-south-sudan/.
Accessed February 22, 2023.
|
|
Africa
|
Tanzania
|
Clinical Officer
|
Ndimbo D. Tanzania assistant medical officers and clinical officers. SIJ. 2021;8:1-12. Accessed February 22, 2023.
|
|
Africa
|
Tanzania
|
Assistant Medical Officer
|
Rick TJ, Moshi DD. The Tanzanian assistant medical officer. JAAPA. 2018;31(4):43-47. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000531051.04879.59.
|
|
Africa
|
Uganda
|
Clinical Officer
|
Namugosa AC. Clinical officers in Uganda: "the pearl of Africa." SIJ. 2021;8:1-8.
|
|
Africa
|
Zambia
|
Clinical Officer
|
Kamfwa MJ. Zambia: the medical licentiates and the clinical officer duo. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Africa
|
Zimbabwe
|
Clinical Officer
|
Chikono M. Zimbabwe clinical officers. SIJ. 2021;8:1-2.
|
|
Africa
|
|
|
Mullan F, Frehywot S. Non-physician clinicians in 47 sub-Saharan African countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9605):2158-2163. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60785-5.
|
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia
|
Afghanistan
|
Physician Assistant
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Asia
|
Armenia
|
Feldsher
|
Hovhannisyan SG, Tragakes E, Lessof S, Aslanian H, Mkrtchyan A. Health care systems in transition: Armenia. World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. 2001;11(3):1-89.
|
|
Asia
|
Bangladesh
|
Medical Assistant
|
Hossen KM. Medical Assistants/Sub-Assistant Community Medical Officer: The Physician Assistant Comparable in Bangladesh. SIJ. 2021;8:1-6.
|
|
Asia
|
Cambodia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Frieze JB, Yadav RP, Sokhan K, Ngak S, Khim TB. Examining the quality of childhood tuberculosis diagnosis in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pub Health. 2017;17(232):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4084-3.
|
|
Asia
|
India
|
Physician Assistant
|
Chandrasekhar A. Indian physician assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Asia
|
Israel
|
Physician Assistant
|
Ozer R, Berkowitz O. Israel physician assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Asia
|
Kazakhstan
|
Feldsher
|
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe & European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Health care systems in transition: Kazakhstan. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. 1999;00:1-71.
|
|
Asia
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
Feldsher
|
Ibraimova A, Akkazieva B, Ibraimov A, Manzhieva E, Rechel B. Kyrgyzstan: Health system review. Health Syst Transit. 2011;13(3):1–152. PMID: 21697030.
|
|
Asia
|
Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
Medical Associate
|
Quella A, Ohno KT. Laos medical associate. SIJ. 2021;8:1-2.
|
|
Asia
|
Malaysia
|
Medical Associate
|
Mahmud A, Abdullah Z. Malaysia Assistant Medical Officers. SIJ. 2021;8:1-15.
|
|
Asia
|
Mongolia
|
Feldsher
|
Antwi J, Arkoh AA, Choge JK, Dibo TW, Mahmud A, Vankhuu E, et al. Global accreditation practices for accelerated medically trained clinicians: a view of five countries. Hum Resour Health. 2021;19(110):1-7. doi:10.1186/s12960-021-00646-4.
|
|
Asia
|
Myanmar
|
Physician Assistant
|
Brown GR, Blue ZZN. PAs in Myanmar: Courage and humanitarianism required. JAAPA. 2022;35(12):58-60. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000892748.12231.e1.
|
|
Asia
|
Nepal
|
Health Assistant
|
Luitel T, Parajuli R. Nepal Health Assistants The Physician Assistant Comparable. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Asia
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Ahmed N, Fahringer D. Saudi Arabia Physician Assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Asia
|
Sri Lanka
|
Assistant Medical Officer
|
De Silva V, Strand de Oliveira J, Liyanage M, Østbye T. The assistant medical officer in Sri Lanka: mid-level health worker in decline. J Interprof Care. 2013;27(5):432–433. doi:10.3109/13561820.2013.776023.
|
|
Asia
|
Taiwan
|
Physician Assistant
|
Chou LP, Hu SC. Physician assistants in Taiwan. JAAPA. 2015;28(3):1-3. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000460932.03971.e0.
|
|
Asia
|
Uzbekistan
|
Feldsher
|
Ahmedov M, Azimov R, Mutalova Z, Huseynov S, Tsoyi E, Rechel B. Uzbekistan: health system review. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. Health Syst Transit. 2014;16(5):1–163.
|
|
Asia
|
Vietnam
|
Community Based Physician Assistant
|
Gill CJ, Le Ngoc B, Halim N, Nguyen H, Williams A, Van T et al. The mCME Project: A Randomized Controlled Trial of an SMS-Based Continuing Medical Education Intervention for Improving Medical Knowledge among Vietnamese Community Based Physicians’ Assistants. PloS one. 2016;11(11):1-19. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166293.
|
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Europe
|
Bulgaria
|
Physician Assistant
|
Vracheva PP. From feldschers to physician assistants in Bulgaria. JAAPA. 2017;30(8):45-46. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000521139.61409.4d.
|
|
Europe
|
England
|
Physician Assistant
|
Straughton K, Chase A. United Kingdom Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Europe
|
Germany
|
Physician Assistant
|
Stolte M, Heistermann P, Stollwerck P. Germany Physician Assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Europe
|
Ireland, Northern UK
|
Physician Assistant
|
Macken M. Ireland Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Europe
|
Ireland, Northern UK
|
Physician Assistant
|
Straughton K, Chase A. United Kingdom Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Europe
|
Ireland, Northern UK
|
Physician Assistant
|
Joyce P, Robinson ST, Alexander LM. PAs in the Republic of Ireland. JAAPA. 2023;36(3):1-5. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000918796.38698.1b.
|
|
Europe
|
Ireland, Northern UK
|
Physician Assistant
|
Joyce P, Robinson ST, Alexander LM. PAs in the Republic of Ireland. JAAPA. 2023;36(3):1-5. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000918796.38698.1b.
|
|
Europe
|
Netherlands
|
Physician Assistant
|
van den Brink G, Driesschen Q, Elfering L. The Netherlands Physician Assistant. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Europe
|
Poland
|
Feldsher
|
Fiktus P. Legal and social position of the feldsher in Poland in 1945–1989. Polska 1944/45 – 1989. 2017;15:127-148.
https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=636902. Accessed May 06, 2023. |
|
Europe
|
Poland
|
Physician Assistant
|
Bareja S. Poland and physician assistants. JAAPA. 2020;33(11):47-49. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000718292.45648.bf.
|
|
Europe
|
Russia
|
Feldsher
|
Ramer S. The Russian feldsher: A PA prototype in transition. JAAPA. 2018;31(11)1-6. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000546484.94936.30.
|
|
Europe
|
Russia
|
Feldsher
|
Romanov A. The Russia Feldsher Overview. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3. https://socialinnovationsjournal.com/index.php/sij/article/view/985. Accessed February 16, 2023.
|
|
Europe
|
Scotland
|
Physician Associate
|
Farmer J, Currie M, Hyman J, West C, Arnott N. Evaluation of physician assistants in National Health Service Scotland. Scott Med J. 2011;56:130-134. doi:10.1258/smj.2011.011109.
|
|
Europe
|
Scotland
|
Physician Associate
|
Straughton K, Chase A. United Kingdom Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Europe
|
Switzerland
|
Physician Associate
|
Bonnard, A. Switzerland Physician Associates, Clinical Specialists. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Europe
|
Ukraine
|
Feldsher
|
Multak N. An Update on Feldsher Training and Practice in the Ukraine. J Physician Assist Educ. 2010;21(3):44-45. doi:10.1097/01367895-201021030-00008.
|
|
Europe
|
Wales
|
Physician Associate
|
Health Education and Improvement Wales. Physician associate. Health Education and Improvement Wales in National Health Service Wales. Published 20Z3. https://heiw.nhs.wales/careers/nhs-wales-careers/roles/medicine/physician-associate/. Accessed May 4, 2023.
|
|
Europe
|
Wales
|
Physician Associate
|
Straughton K, Chase A. United Kingdom Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style |
|---|---|---|---|
|
North America
|
Canada
|
Physician Assistant
|
St. Jacques L, Tsang R, Ensafi S, Patel M. Physician Assistants in Canada. SIJ. 2021;8:1-7.
|
|
North America
|
Puerto Rico
|
Physician Assistant
|
Strand J. The Practicante: Puerto Rico Physician Assistant Prototype. J Physician Assist Educ. 2006;17(2):60-62. doi:10.1097/01367895-200617020-00016.
|
|
North America
|
United States
|
Physician Associate
|
Gordes KL, et al. An Exploration into the Physician Assistant Entry-Level Doctoral Degree: Lessons Learned From Across Health Professions. J Physician Assist Educ. 2022;00(00):1–10. doi:10.1097/JPA.0000000000000411.
|
|
North America
|
United States
|
Physician Associate
|
Showstark M, Mittman D. A Brief Overview of Physician Assistants in the United States. SIJ. 2021;8:1-6.
|
|
Central America
|
Mexico
|
Community Health Technician
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24297.
|
|
South America
|
Columbia
|
Community Health Technician
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
South America
|
Guyana
|
Medical Extension Officer
|
Daniels S. Persons urged to join Medex profession as it celebrates 44 years. Guyana Chronicle. Published October 11 2021.
|
|
South America
|
Peru
|
Community Health Technician
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24298.
|
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Oceania
|
Australia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Kerlen A. Medicine from Down Under: Physician Assistants in Australia. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Oceania
|
Fiji
|
Medical Assistant
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Oceania
|
Kiribati
|
Medical Assistant
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Oceania
|
Marshall Islands
|
Health Assistant
|
Human Resource for Health Country Profiles Marshall Islands Health Assistant. WHO Western Pacific Region.2014;00:1-29. ISBN 978 92 9061 640 5.
|
|
Oceania
|
Micronesia
|
Health Assistant
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Oceania
|
New Zealand
|
Physician Associate
|
deWolfe L. New Zealand Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Oceania
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Health Extension Officer
|
Pedersen DM, Pedersen KJ, Barker DS. Rainforest Physician Assistants—The Papua New Guinea Health Extension Officer: An International Physician Assistant Analogue. J Physician Assist Educ. 2015;26(3):155–158. doi:10.1097/JPA.0000000000000037.
|
|
Oceania
|
Tonga
|
Health Officer
|
World Health Organisation. Human Resource for Health Country Profile Tonga Health Assistant. WHO Western Pacific Region. 2014;00:1-36. ISBN 978 92 9061 641 2. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/208195. Accessed February 23, 2023.
|
| Region | Reference AMA Style |
|---|---|
|
Global
|
Brown A, et al. Mid-level health providers a promising resource to achieve the health Millennium Development Goals. World Heath Organisation Report. Global Health Workforce Alliance. Genova, Switzerland. 2010.
|
|
Global
|
Brown A, et al. Mid-level health providers: A promising resource. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2011;28(2):308-15.
|
|
Global
|
Brown A, et al. Mid-level health providers a promising resource to achieve the health Millennium Development Goals. World Heath Organisation Report. Global Health Workforce Alliance. Genova, Switzerland. 2010.
|
|
Global
|
Brown A, et al. Mid-level health providers: A promising resource. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2011;28(2):308-15.
|
|
Global
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Global
|
Desai S, Bishnoi RK, Punjot P. Community health officer: the concept of mid-level health care providers. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2020;7(4):1610-1617. doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20201485.
|
|
Global
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008;00:1-42.
|
Complete list of References with URL and link to Open Source articles available to IAPAE Members in the members section.
Reference list compiled by Scott Smalley, IAPAE Immediate Past President.
- AFRICA
- ASIA
- EUROPE
- CENTRAL/NORTH/SOUTH AMERICA
- OCEANIA
- GLOBAL
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style | Reference Website Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Africa
|
Angola
|
Tecnicos de Medicina
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Benin
|
Clinical Officer
|
Bio AA, Boko PM, Dossou YA, Tougoue JJ, Kabore A, Sounouvou I, et al. Prevalence of Trachoma in Northern Benin: Results from 11 Population-Based Prevalence Surveys Covering 26 Districts. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017; 24(4):265-273. doi:10.1080/09286586.2017.1279337.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Botswana
|
Doctor Assistant
|
Botswana Government. Health Professions Act, 2001, No. 17 of 2001. Published November 2, 2001. Accessed January 20, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Botswana
|
Doctor Assistant
|
Mothebe S. Botswana's doctor assistant. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3. Accessed January 23, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Burkina Faso
|
Clinical Officer
|
Hounton S, Newlands D, Meda N, Brouwere VD. A cost-effectiveness study of caesarean-section deliveries by clinical officers, general practitioners and obstetricians in Burkina Faso. Human Resources for Health 2009;7:34. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-7-34.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Burkina Faso
|
Clinical Officer
|
Kabore FA, et al. Characteristics of Obstetric and Iatrogenic Urogenital Fistulas in Burkina Faso: A Cross-Sectional Study. Advances in Urology. 2021;8838:146-153. doi:10.1155/2021/8838146
|
|
|
Africa
|
Burkina Faso
|
Clinical Officer
|
Kouanda S, Coulibaly A, Ouedraogo A, Millogo T, Meda BI, Dumont A. Audit of cesarean delivery in Burkina Faso. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2014;125(3):214-8. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2013.11.010.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Burundi
|
Technicale Paramedicales
|
Bizumuremyi C, Ngendakumana JC. Burundi-in the heart of Africa: techniques paramédicales. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3. Accessed January 22 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Cameroon
|
Clinical Officer
|
Oye J, Mactaggart I, Polack S, Schmidt E, Tamo V, Okwen M, et al. Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment in Fundong District, North West Cameroon: Results of a Population-Based Survey. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017;24(6):394-400. doi:10.1080/09286586.2017.1313992.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Cape Verde
|
Health Officer
|
Ferrinho P, Mendonça ML, Delgado AP. The need for planning training among public health officers in Cape Verde. Int J Health Plann Mgmt. 2018:1–5. doi:10.1002/hpm.2650.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Central African Republic
|
Clinical Officer
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42. Accessed February 9, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Chad
|
Medical Assistant
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42. Accessed February 9, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Cote d'Ivoire
|
Medical Assistant
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42. Accessed February 9, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
Clinical Officer
|
Ratnayake R, Wittcoff A, Majaribu J, Nzweve JP, Katembo L, Kasonia K, et al. Experiences in the Integration of Non-communicable Diseases into Emergency Primary Health Care, Beni Region, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Annals of Global Health. 2021;87(1):1–12. doi:10.5334/aogh.3019.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Eritrea
|
Clinical Officer
|
Semere M, Ghirmay L, Weldegergis M, Rezene A. Knowledge, Perception, and Barriers of Reporting of Nurses on Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Immunization in Zobamaekel, Eritrea. ARC J Pub Health Commun Med. 2019;4(3):1-12. doi:10.20431/2456-0596.0403001.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Ethiopia
|
Health Officer
|
Negash FT. Health officer: a physician assistant comparable role in Ethiopia. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5. Accessed January 15, 2023
|
|
|
Africa
|
Ethiopia
|
Integrated Emergency Surgical Officer
|
Negash FT. Emergency surgical officer: the Ethiopian integrated innovative masters PA analogue profession. SIJ. 2021;8:1-6. Accessed January 15, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Ethiopia
|
Integrated Emergency Surgical Officer
|
Tenaw Z, et al. Health Professionals Job Satisfaction and Associated Factors in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology. 2021;8:1-12. doi:10.1177/23333928211046484.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Gabon
|
Clinical Officer
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Ghana
|
Physician Assistant
|
Adjase ET. Physician assistants in Ghana. JAAPA. 2015;28(4):15. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000462393.36053.13
|
|
|
Africa
|
Ghana
|
Physician Assistant
|
Bantey RD, Arkoh AA. The evolution of training and practice of physician assistantship in Ghana. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5. Accessed April 13, 2022.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
Clinical Officer
|
Mullan F, Frehywot S. Non-physician clinicians in 47 sub-Saharan African countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9605):2158-2163. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60785-5.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Kenya
|
Clinical Officer
|
Akinyi AD, Choge JK. Clinical officers: the heart of Kenyan healthcare. SIJ. 2021;8:1-10. Accessed February 23, 2023
|
|
|
Africa
|
Kenya
|
Clinical Officer
|
Mbindyo P, et al. The role of Clinical Officers in the Kenyan health system: a question of perspective. Human Resources for Health. 2013;(11)32. Accessed April 28, 2023
|
|
|
Africa
|
Kenya
|
Clinical Officer
|
Meckel M. Clinical officers improve health care in Kenya. Clinical Advisor. Published January 31, 2017. Accessed February 20, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Liberia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Kollie J. Liberia physician assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4. Accessed April 15, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Liberia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Oliphant J. The PA profession in Liberia: A case study in pioneering innovation and resiliency. JAAPA. 2022;10(35):56-61. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000873788.94386.1b.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Liberia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Meckel M. Starting a physician assistant program in Liberia. Clinical Advisor. Published October 31, 2016. Accessed February 22, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Madagascar
|
Clinical Officer
|
Randremanana RV, Razafindratsimandresy R, Andriatahina T, Randriamanantena A, Ravelomanana L, Randrianirina F, et al. Etiologies, Risk Factors and Impact of Severe Diarrhea in the Under-Fives in Moramanga and Antananarivo, Madagascar. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7):1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158862.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Malawi
|
Medical Assistant
|
Randremanana RV, Razafindratsimandresy R, Andriatahina T, Randriamanantena A, Ravelomanana L, Randrianirina F, et al. Etiologies, Risk Factors and Impact of Severe Diarrhea in the Under-Fives in Moramanga and Antananarivo, Madagascar. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7):1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158862.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Malawi
|
Clinical Officer
|
McAuliffe, et al. Factors influencing job preferences of health workers providing obstetric care: results from discrete choice experiments in Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. Globalization and Health. 2016;12(86):1-19. doi:10.1186/s12992-016-0222-4.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Malawi
|
Clinical Associate
|
Makwero MT. Delivery of primary health care in Malawi. Afr J Prm Health Care Fam Med. 2018;10(1), a1799. doi:10.4102/phcfm.v10i1.1799.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Mali
|
Clinical Officer
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42. Accessed February 9, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Mozambique
|
Tecnicos de Medicina Geral
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42. Accessed February 9, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Mozambique
|
Tecnicos de Medicina Geral
|
Freistadt F, et al. A Framework for Revising Preservice Curriculum for Nonphysician Clinicians: The Mozambique Experience. Education for Health. 2014;27(3):283-288. Accessed April 12, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Mozambique
|
Tecnicos de Cirurgia
|
Kruk ME, Pereir C, Vaz F, Bergstrom S, Galeae S. Economic evaluation of surgically trained assistant medical officers in performing major obstetric surgery in Mozambique. BJOG. 2007;114:1253–1260. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01443.x.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Namibia
|
Clinical Officer
|
Kamwi RN. Regulations relating to minimum requirements of study for registration of Clinical Officer and Clinical Officer Intern: Medical and Dental Act, 2004. Namibian Ministry of Health and Social Services. 2015;1-6. Accessed February 20, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Nigeria
|
Community Health Officer
|
Ajisegiri WS, et al. “We just have to help”: Community health workers’ informal task-shifting and task-sharing practices for hypertension and diabetes care in Nigeria. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1-11. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1038062.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Nigeria
|
Community Health Technologist
|
Ebuehi OM, Campbell PC. Attraction and retention of qualified health workers to rural areas in Nigeria: a case study of four LGAs in Ogun State, Nigeria. Rural and Remote Health 2011;11:1-11. Accessed April 16, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Nigeria
|
Community Health Scientist
|
Trust A. Community health monitors inaugurated in Kaduna. Daily Trust Newspaper of Nigeria. Published September 22, 2022. Accessed February 20, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Rwanda
|
Clinical Officer
|
Meckel M. Clinical officers meet Rwanda’s health needs after genocide. Clinical Advisor. Published November 30, 2014.. Accessed February 20, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Rwanda
|
Clinical Officer
|
Rutatina N, Nsanzabera C. Rwanda, the land of a thousand hills and clinical officers. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4. Accessed February 25, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Senegal
|
Health Officer
|
Mullan F, Frehywot S. Non-physician clinicians in 47 sub-Saharan African countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9605):2158-2163. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60785-5.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Sierra Leone
|
Community Health Assistant
|
Kargbo L, Sillah M. Sierra Leone and the Community Health Officer. SIJ. 2021;8:1-6. Accessed February 27, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Sierra Leone
|
Community Health Technician
|
Sierra Leone Parliament. Community Health Practitioners Act, 2017. Gazette No. 39 of August 18, 2016. Freetown: Published May 17, 2017. Accessed April 30, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Sierra Leone
|
Community Health Officer
|
Wunda A. Community Health Officers (CHOs) and Community Health Assistants (CHAs) Should Be Regulated. Calabash News Sierra Network. Published April 31, 2020. Accessed April 27, 2023
|
|
|
Africa
|
Somalia
|
Clinical Officer
|
Omar NMS. Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors Affecting the Development of Postpartum Acute Kidney Injury in Somalia: Single-Center Experience. International Journal of Women's Health. 2022;14:881-888. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S372453.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Somaliland
|
Clinical Health Officer
|
Omar K. Somaliland: The Clinical Health Officer. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3. Accessed February 27, 2023
|
|
|
Africa
|
South Africa
|
Clinical Associate
|
Smalley S, Tshotetsi L. Clinical associates in South Africa - a brief history of the profession. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5. Accessed April 15, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
South Africa
|
Clinical Associate
|
South African National Department of Health. Health Professions Act No. 56 of 1974. Regulations defining the scope of practice of clinical associates. Government Notice No. 1390. Government Gazette 40414; 11 November 2016. Accessed January 20, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
South Africa
|
Clinical Associate
|
Tshabalala Z, Smalley S, Louw M, Capati J, Cooke R. Clinical Associates in South Africa: Optimizing their Contribution to the Health System. In: Moeti T, Padarath A, editors. South African Health Review 2019. Durban: Health Systems Trust; 2019. Accessed February 20, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
South Sudan
|
Clinical Officer
|
Meckel M. Rebuilding health infrastructure in war-torn South Sudan. Clinical Advisor. Published April 27, 2015. Accessed February 22, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
South Sudan
|
Clinical Officer
|
Ngatia PM, Kimotho V. Retention of Clinical officers in Southern Sudan: A tracer study of Maridi National Health Training Institute (NHTI) Graduates. Medicine and Health. 2010. Accessed April 12, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Sudan
|
Medical Assistant
|
A-Rahman NHA, Jacquet GA. The state of emergency care in the Republic of the Sudan. African Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2014;4:55–60. doi:10.1016/j.afjem.2013.12.002.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Tanzania
|
Clinical Officer
|
Ndimbo D. Tanzania assistant medical officers and clinical officers. SIJ. 2021;8:1-12. Accessed April 11, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Tanzania
|
Assistant Medical Officer
|
Rick TJ, Moshi DD. The Tanzanian assistant medical officer. JAAPA. 2018;31(4):43-47. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000531051.04879.59.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Togo
|
Medical Assistant
|
Mullan F, Frehywot S. Non-physician clinicians in 47 sub-Saharan African countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9605):2158-2163. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60785-5.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Uganda
|
Clinical Officer
|
Namugosa AC. Clinical officers in Uganda: "the pearl of Africa." SIJ. 2021;8:1-8. Accessed April 15, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Uganda
|
Clinical Officer
|
Meckel M. In Uganda, clinical officers rise to the challenge of meeting public health needs. Clinical Advisor. Published January 27, 2016.
Accessed February 20, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Zambia
|
Clinical Officer
|
Kamfwa MJ. Zambia: the medical licentiates and the clinical officer duo. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4. Accessed April 15, 2023.
|
|
|
Africa
|
Zambia
|
Medical Licentiate
|
Gajewski J. Non-physician clinicians in rural Africa: lessons from the Medical Licentiate programme in Zambia. Human Resources for Health. 2017;15(53):1-9.
doi:10.1186/s12960-017-0233-0.
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|
|
Africa
|
Zimbabwe
|
Clinical Officer
|
||
|
Africa
|
|
|
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style | Reference Website Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia
|
Afghanistan
|
Physician Assistant
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Armenia
|
Feldsher
|
Hovhannisyan SG, Tragakes E, Lessof S, Aslanian H, Mkrtchyan A. Health care systems in transition: Armenia. World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. 2001;11(3):1-89.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Bangladesh
|
Medical Assistant
|
Hossen KM. Medical Assistants/Sub-Assistant Community Medical Officer: The Physician Assistant Comparable in Bangladesh. SIJ. 2021;8:1-6. Accessed February 08, 2023.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Bangladesh
|
Sub-Assistant Community Medical Officer
|
Rawal LB. Training mid-level health cadres to improve health service delivery in rural Bangladesh. Primary Health Care Research & Development 2016;17:503–513. doi:10.1017/S1463423616000104.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Cambodia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Annear P, Grundy J, Ir P, Jacobs B, Men C, Nachtnebel M, et al. The Kingdom of Cambodia Health Review System. WHO. 2015;5(2):1-176. Accessed February 20, 2023.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Cambodia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Frieze JB, Yadav RP, Sokhan K, Ngak S, Khim TB. Examining the quality of childhood tuberculosis diagnosis in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pub Health. 2017;17(232):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4084-3.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Cambodia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Wollschlaeger K. Health care clinics in Cambodia. Can Fam Physician. 1995;41:569-571. Accessed March 15, 2023.
|
|
|
Asia
|
India
|
Physician Assistant
|
Chandrasekhar A. Indian physician assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4. Accessed April 12, 2023.
|
|
|
Asia
|
India
|
Physician Assistant
|
Dharaniprasad G, et al. The Journey of Physician Assistants in India: Specialty Areas to Primary Care. J Physician Assist Educ. 2019;00(00):1–4. doi:10.1097/JPA.0000000000000264.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Israel
|
Physician Assistant
|
Berkowitz O, Gelbshtein U, Segal I, Jacobson E. The new Israeli PA. JAAPA. 2018;31(7):46-48. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000533710.52290.01.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Israel
|
Physician Assistant
|
Ozer R, Berkowitz O. Israel physician assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5. Accessed April 22, 2023.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Kazakhstan
|
Feldsher
|
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe & European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Health care systems in transition: Kazakhstan. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. 1999;00:1-71. Accessed May 4, 2023.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
Feldsher
|
Ibraimova A, Akkazieva B, Ibraimov A, Manzhieva E, Rechel B. Kyrgyzstan: Health system review. Health Syst Transit. 2011;13(3):1–152. PMID: 21697030.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
Medical Associate
|
Quella A, Ohno KT. Laos medical associate. SIJ. 2021;8:1-2. Accessed April 12, 2023.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Malaysia
|
Medical Assistant
|
Mahmud A. The gap between theory and practice: a qualitative study on medical assistant program in Malaysia. European Journal of Education Studies. 2018;4(11):242-254. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1326911.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Malaysia
|
Assistant Medical Officer
|
Mahmud A, Abdullah Z. Malaysia Assistant Medical Officers. SIJ. 2021;8:1-15. Accessed February 16 2023.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Mongolia
|
Feldsher
|
Antwi J, Arkoh AA, Choge JK, Dibo TW, Mahmud A, Vankhuu E, et al. Global accreditation practices for accelerated medically trained clinicians: a view of five countries. Hum Resour Health. 2021;19(110):1-7. doi:10.1186/s12960-021-00646-4.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Myanmar
|
Physician Assistant
|
Brown GR, Blue ZZN. PAs in Myanmar: Courage and humanitarianism required. JAAPA. 2022;35(12):58-60. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000892748.12231.e1.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Myanmar
|
Physician Assistant
|
Pedersen DM, Pedersen KJ. The Burmese Medic: An International Physician Assistant Analogue. J Physician Assist Educ. 2012;23(3):51-55. Accessed April 28, 2023.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Nepal
|
Health Assistant
|
Luitel T, Parajuli R. Nepal Health Assistants The Physician Assistant Comparable. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3. Accessed April 21 2023.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Nepal
|
Health Assistant
|
Pedersen DM, Pedersen KJ, Barker DS. Human Resources Health Needs Assessment Health Assistant. J Physician Assist Educ. 2015;26(1):53–57. doi:10.1097/JPA.0000000000000006.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Ahmed N, Fahringer D. Saudi Arabia Physician Assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4. Accessed February 16, 2023.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Ahmed N. Saudi Arabia Physician Assistants. JAAPA. 2014;27(8):11. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000451861.25577.53.
|
|
|
Asia
|
Sri Lanka
|
Assistant Medical Officer
|
De Silva V, Strand de Oliveira J, Liyanage M, Østbye T. The assistant medical officer in Sri Lanka: mid-level health worker in decline. J Interprof Care. 2013;27(5):432–433. doi:10.3109/13561820.2013.776023.
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Asia
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Vietnam
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Community Based Physician Assistant
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Gill CJ, Le Ngoc B, Halim N, Nguyen H, Williams A, Van T, et al. The mCME Project: A Randomized Controlled Trial of an SMS-Based Continuing Medical Education Intervention for Improving Medical Knowledge among Vietnamese Community Based Physicians’ Assistants. PloS one. 2016;11(11):1-19. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166293.
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Asia
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Vietnam
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Community Based Physician Assistant
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Shelley D, Tseng, TY, Pham, H, Nguyen L, Keithly S, Stillman F, et al. Factors influencing tobacco use treatment patterns among Vietnamese health care providers working in community health centers. BMC Pub Health. 2014;14(68):1-8. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-68.
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| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style | Reference Website Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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Europe
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Bulgaria
|
Physician Assistant
|
Vracheva P. From feldschers to physician assistants in Bulgaria. JAAPA. 2017;30(8):45-46. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000521139.61409.4d.
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Europe
|
Bulgaria
|
Physician Assistant
|
Vracheva P, Hooker R. Physician Assistant Education in Bulgaria. J Physician Assist Educ 2021;32(1):43–47. doi:10.1097/JPA.0000000000000345.
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Europe
|
England, UK
|
Physician Associate
|
Straughton K, Chase A. United Kingdom Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5. Accessed February 16, 2023.
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Europe
|
England, UK
|
Physician Associate
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Roberts K, Drennan VM, Watkins J. Physician associate graduates in England: a cross-sectional survey of work careers. Future Healthc J. 2022;9(1):5-10. doi:10.7861/fhj.2021-0184.
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Europe
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England, UK
|
Physician Associate
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Straughton K, Roberts K, Watkins K, Drennan VM, Halter M. Physician Associates in the UK: Development, status, and future. JAAPA. 2022;35(3):56-60. doi:101097/01.JAA.0000819544.87720.fb.
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Europe
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Germany
|
Physician Assistant
|
Kuilman L, Matthews C, Dierks M. Physician Assistant Education in Germany. J Physician Assist Educ. 2013;24(2):38-41. doi:10.1097/01367895-201324020-00009.
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Europe
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Germany
|
Physician Assistant
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Stolte M, Heistermann P, Stollwerck P. Germany Physician Assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5. Accessed February 8, 2023.
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Europe
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Germany
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Physician Assistant
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Heistermann P, Günther HJ, Heilmann C, Meyer-Treschan T, Sesselmann S, Schneke A, et al. A cross-sectional survey of German PA employment and workforce entry. JAAPA. 2022;35(12):45-49. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000892728.78698.75.
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Europe
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Germany
|
Physician Assistant
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Heistermann P, Lang T, Heilmann C, Meyer-Treschan T. A brief introduction to PAs in Germany. JAAPA. 2022;35(6):52-55. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000830208.07114.a0.
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Europe
|
Netherlands
|
Physician Assistant
|
Dankers‐de Mari EJ, Thijssen MC, Van Hees SG, Albertus J, Batenburg R, Jeurissen PP, et al. How does government policy influence the employment and training of nurse practitioners and physician assistants? A realist analysis using qualitative interviews. J Adv Nurs. 2023;1–15. doi:10.1111/jan.15607.
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Europe
|
Netherlands
|
Physician Assistant
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Leij-Halfwerk S, van Uden D, Jooren SJA, et al. Cultural competence of Dutch physician assistants: an observational cohort study. BMC Med Ed. 2023;23(142):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04112-8.
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Europe
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Netherlands
|
Physician Assistant
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van den Brink G, Driesschen Q, Elfering L. The Netherlands Physician Assistant. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4. Accessed November 18, 2022.
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Europe
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Netherlands
|
Physician Assistant
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van Doorn–Klomberg A, Ruiterkamp B, van den Brink G. The first 2 decades of the physician assistant movement in the Netherlands. Future Healthc J. 2022;9(3): 301–304. doi:10.7861/fhj.2022-0033.
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Europe
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Northern Ireland, UK
|
Physician Associate
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Joyce P, Alexander L. A survey exploring factors affecting employment of physician associates in Ireland. Ir J Med Sci. 2023;52:1-6. doi:10.1007/s11845-022-03255-9.
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Europe
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Northern Ireland, UK
|
Physician Associate
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Joyce P, Woodmansee D, O’Neill JP. Introducing the physician associate role in Ireland: Evaluation of a hospital based pilot project. J Hosp Adm. 2019;8(3):50-60. doi:10.5430/jha.v8n3p50.
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Europe
|
Physician Associate
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Northern Ireland, UK
|
Macken M. Ireland Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3. Accessed April 23, 2023.
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Europe
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Northern Ireland, UK
|
Physician Associate
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Straughton K, Chase A. United Kingdom Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5. Accessed February 16, 2023.
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Europe
|
Poland
|
Feldsher
|
Fiktus P. Legal and social position of the feldsher in Poland in 1945–1989. Polska 1944/45 – 1989. 2017;15:127-148. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=636902. Accessed May 06, 2023
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Europe
|
Poland
|
Physician Assistant
|
Bareja S. Poland and physician assistants. JAAPA. 2020;33(11):47-49. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000718292.45648.bf.
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Europe
|
Poland
|
Physician Assistant
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Froń KP, Chrapek M, Waszak J. The Surgical Physician Assistant-The missing link in the Polish healthcare system. Emerg Med Serv. 2022;9(2):122-125. doi:10.36740/EmeMS202202108.
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Europe
|
Poland
|
Physician Assistant
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Sitarz R, Poździk R. Selected Medical and Legal Problems of a Surgeon’s Assistant as a New Speciality in the Polish Healthcare System. TKP. 2022;15(2):275–286. doi:10.32084/tkp.5129.
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Europe
|
Republic of Ireland
|
Physician Associate
|
Joyce P, Robinson ST, Alexander LM. PAs in the Republic of Ireland. JAAPA. 2023;36(3):1-5. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000918796.38698.1b.
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Europe
|
Russia
|
Feldsher
|
Ramer S. The Russian feldsher: A PA prototype in transition. JAAPA. 2018;31(11)1-6. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000546484.94936.30.
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Europe
|
Russia
|
Feldsher
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Romanov A. The Russia Feldsher Overview. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3. https://socialinnovationsjournal.com/index.php/sij/article/view/985. Accessed February 16, 2023
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Europe
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Scotland, UK
|
Physician Associate
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Farmer J, Currie M, Hyman J, West C, Arnott N. Evaluation of physician assistants in National Health Service Scotland. Scott Med J. 2011;56:130-134. doi:10.1258/smj.2011.011109.
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Europe
|
Scotland, UK
|
Physician Associate
|
Straughton K, Chase A. United Kingdom Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5. Accessed February 16, 2023.
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Europe
|
Switzerland
|
Physician Associate
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Bonnard, A.Switzerland Physician Associates, Clinical Specialists. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3. Accessed February 23, 2023.
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Europe
|
Ukraine
|
Feldsher
|
Multak N. An Update on Feldsher Training and Practice in the Ukraine. J Physician Assist Educ. 2010;21(3):44-45. doi:10.1097/01367895-201021030-00008.
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Europe
|
Wales, UK
|
Physician Associate
|
Health Education and Improvement Wales. Physician associate. Health Education and Improvement Wales in National Health Service Wales. Published: 2023. Accessed May 4, 2023.
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Europe
|
Wales, UK
|
Physician Associate
|
Straughton K, Chase A. United Kingdom Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5. Accessed February 16, 2023
|
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style | Reference Website Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
North America
|
Canada
|
Physician Assistant
|
Meckel M. Canadian physician assistants: A new profession with new educational insight. Clinical Advisor. Published March 29, 2017. Accessed February 20, 2023.
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|
|
North America
|
Canada
|
Physician Assistant
|
St. Jacques L, Tsang R, Ensafi S, Patel M. Physician Assistants in Canada. SIJ. 2021;8:1-7. Accessed February 15, 2023.
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|
|
North America
|
Canada
|
Physician Assistant
|
de la Roche MR, Dyer N, Froats M, Bell A, McDonald L, Bolton C, et al. Effect of a physician assistant on quality and efficiency metrics in an emergency department: Population cohort study. Can Fam Physician. 2021;67(2):61-7. Accessed February 21, 2021.
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North America
|
Puerto Rico
|
Physician Associate
|
Strand J. The Practicante: Puerto Rico Physician Assistant Prototype. J Physician Assist Educ. 2006;17(2):60-62. doi:10.1097/01367895-200617020-00016.
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North America
|
Puerto Rico
|
Physician Associate
|
Weikel K, Juarez L, Ramsey Irizarry CM. PAs in Puerto Rico: How asociados médicos are persevering through restrictive practice laws. JAAPA. 2022;35(9):59-61. doi:101097/01.JAA.0000854588.72761.57.
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|
|
North America
|
United States
|
Physician Associate
|
Showstark M, Mittman D. A Brief Overview of Physician Assistants in the United States. SIJ. 2021;8:1-6. Accessed February 16, 2023.
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|
|
North America
|
United States
|
Physician Associate
|
Gordes KL, et al. An Exploration into the Physician Assistant Entry-Level Doctoral Degree: Lessons Learned From Across Health Professions. J Physician Assist Educ. 2022;00(00):1–10. doi:10.1097/JPA.0000000000000411.
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|
|
North America
|
United States
|
Physician Associate
|
Cawley JF, Cawthon E, Hooker RS. Origins of the physician assistant movement in the United States. JAAPA. 2012;25(12):36-42..Accessed May 01, 2023.
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Central America
|
Mexico
|
Community Health Technician
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
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|
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South America
|
Bolivia
|
Medical Extension Officer
|
Turkewitz AR, Sallen JP, Smith RM. Globalization of physician assistants: the benefits and limitations of establishing the profession around the world. [Master's Thesis]. Location: South College, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. 2022. (No current website link, available on request).
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|
|
North America
|
Brazil
|
Medical Extension Officer
|
Turkewitz AR, Sallen JP, Smith RM. Globalization of physician assistants: the benefits and limitations of establishing the profession around the world. [Master's Thesis]. Location: South College, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. 2022. (No current website link, available on request).
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|
|
South America
|
Brazil
|
Medical Extension Officer
|
Turkewitz AR, Sallen JP, Smith RM. Globalization of physician assistants: the benefits and limitations of establishing the profession around the world. [Master's Thesis]. Location: South College, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. 2022. (No current website link, available on request).
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|
South America
|
Colombia
|
Community Health Technician
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
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|
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South America
|
Colombia
|
Community Health Technician
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
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|
|
South America
|
Guyana
|
Medical Extension Officer
|
Daniels S. Persons urged to join Medex profession as it celebrates 44 years. Guyana Chronicle. Published October 11, 2021.Accessed February 16, 2023.
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South America
|
Guyana
|
Medical Extension Officer
|
Guyana Chronicle. Preserving the health of Guyanese through dedicated service. Guyana Chronicle online paper. Published: December 4, 2022. Accessed February 20, 2023.
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|
|
South America
|
Peru
|
Community Health Technician
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style | Reference Website Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Oceania
|
Australia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Kerlen A. Medicine from Down Under: Physician Assistants in Australia. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5. Accessed February 8, 2023.
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|
|
Oceania
|
Australia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Murray RB, O’Kane DA. Physician assistants in Australia. JAAPA. 2014;27(7):9-10. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000450808.28954.7a.
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|
|
Oceania
|
Australia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Kurti L, Rudland S, Wilkinson R, DeWitt D, Zhang C. Physician’s assistants: a workforce solution for Australia? Australian Journal of Primary Health. 2011;17:23–28. .Accessed April 01, 2023.
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|
|
Oceania
|
Kiribati
|
Medical Extension Officer
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
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|
|
Oceania
|
Marshall Islands
|
Health Assistant
|
Human Resource for Health Country Profiles Marshall Islands Health Assistant. WHO Western Pacific Region. 2014;00:1-29. ISBN 978 92 9061 640 5. Accessed February 20, 2023.
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|
|
Oceania
|
Micronesia
|
Health Assistant, Medex
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
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|
|
Oceania
|
New Zealand
|
Physician Associate
|
deWolfe LF. New Zealand PA profession gains momentum with regulation in sight. JAAPA. 2023;36(1):44-46. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000902924.21172.89.
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Oceania
|
New Zealand
|
Physician Associate
|
deWolfe LF. New Zealand Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3. Accessed February 23, 2023.
|
|
|
Oceania
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Health Extension Officer
|
Pedersen DM, Pedersen KJ, Barker DS. Rainforest Physician Assistants—The Papua New Guinea Health Extension Officer: An International Physician Assistant Analogue. J Physician Assist Educ. 2015;26(3):155–158. doi:10.1097/JPA.0000000000000037.
|
| Region | Reference AMA Style | Reference Website Link |
|---|---|---|
|
Global
|
Ballweg RM, Hooker RS. Observations on the Global Spread of Physician Assistant Education. J Physician Assist Educ. 2017;28(3S):S75–S80. doi:10.1097/JPA.0000000000000154.
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|
|
Global
|
Brown A, et al. Mid-level health providers a promising resource to achieve the health Millennium Development Goals. World Heath Organisation Report. Global Health Workforce Alliance. Genova, Switzerland. 2010. Accessed January 05, 2023.
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|
|
Global
|
Brown A, et al. Mid-level health providers: A promising resource. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2011;28(2):308-15. Accessed January 04, 2023.
|
|
|
Global
|
Cawley JF, Hooker RS. Determinants of the physician assistant/associate concept in global health systems. International Journal of Healthcare. 2018;4(1):50-60. ISSN 2377-7338. E-ISSN 2377-7346.
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|
|
Global
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
|
Global
|
Desai S, Bishnoi RK, Punjot P. Community health officer: the concept of mid-level health care providers. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2020;7(4):1610-1617. doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20201485.
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|
|
Global
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42. Accessed February 9, 2023.
|