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IAPAE International Map Reference List
As an IAPAE Member you have access to the IAPAE International Map Reference list of countries with PA/PA Analogues
Complete list of References with URL and link to Open Source articles available to IAPAE Members in the members section.
Reference list compiled by Scott Smalley, IAPAE Immediate Past President.
- AFRICA
- ASIA
- EUROPE
- CENTRAL/NORTH/SOUTH AMERICA
- OCEANIA
- GLOBAL
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Africa
|
Angola
|
Tecnicos de Medicina
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Africa
|
Benin
|
Clinical Officer
|
Bio AA, Boko PM, Dossou YA, Tougoue JJ, Kabore A, Sounouvou I, et al. Prevalence of Trachoma in Northern Benin: Results from 11 Population-Based Prevalence Surveys Covering 26 Districts. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017; 24(4):265-273. doi:10.1080/09286586.2017.1279337.
|
|
Africa
|
Botswana
|
Doctor Assistant
|
Mothebe S. Botswana's doctor assistant. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Africa
|
Burkina Faso
|
Clinical Officer
|
Hounton S, Newlands D, Meda N, Brouwere VD. A cost-effectiveness study of caesarean-section deliveries by clinical officers, general practitioners and obstetricians in Burkina Faso. Human Resources for Health 2009;7:34. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-7-34.
|
|
Africa
|
Burundi
|
Technicale Paramedicales
|
Bizumuremyi C, Ngendakumana JC. Burundi-in the heart of Africa: techniques paramédicales. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Africa
|
Cameroon
|
Clinical Officer
|
Oye J, Mactaggart I, Polack S, Schmidt E, Tamo V, Okwen M, et al. Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment in Fundong District, North West Cameroon: Results of a Population-Based Survey. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2017;24(6):394-400. doi:10.1080/09286586.2017.1313992.
|
|
Africa
|
Cape Verde
|
Health Officer
|
Ferrinho P, Mendonça ML, Delgado AP. The need for planning training among public health officers in Cape Verde. Int J Health Plann Mgmt. 2018:1–5. doi:10.1002/hpm.2650.
|
|
Africa
|
Central African Republic
|
Clinical Officer
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42.
|
|
Africa
|
Chad
|
Medical Assistant
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42.
|
|
Africa
|
Cote d'Ivoire
|
Medical Assistant
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42.
|
|
Africa
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
Clinical Officer
|
Ratnayake R, Wittcoff A, Majaribu J, Nzweve J-P, Katembo L, Kasonia K, et al. Experiences in the Integration of Non-communicable Diseases into Emergency Primary Health Care, Beni Region, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Annals of Global Health. 2021;87(1):1–12. doi:10.5334/aogh.3019.
|
|
Africa
|
Eritrea
|
Clinical Officer
|
Semere M, LwamGhirmay, Weldegergis M, Rezene A. Knowledge, Perception, and Barriers of Reporting of Nurses on Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Immunization in Zobamaekel, Eritrea. ARC J Pub Health Commun Med. 2019;4(3):1-12. doi:10.20431/2456-0596.0403001.
|
|
Africa
|
Ethiopia
|
Health Officer
|
Negash FT. Health officer: a physician assistant comparable role in Ethiopia. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Africa
|
Ethiopia
|
Integrated Emergency Surgical Officer
|
Negash FT. Emergency surgical officer: the Ethiopian integrated innovative masters PA analogue profession. SIJ. 2021;8:1-6.
|
|
Africa
|
Gabon
|
Clinical Officer
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Africa
|
Ghana
|
Physician Assistant
|
Bantey RD, Arkoh AA. The evolution of training and practice of physician assistantship in Ghana. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Africa
|
Guinea-Bissau
|
Clinical Officer
|
Mullan F, Frehywot S. Non-physician clinicians in 47 sub-Saharan African countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9605):2158-2163. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60785-5.
|
|
Africa
|
Kenya
|
Clinical Officer
|
Akinyi AD, Choge JK. Clinical officers: the heart of Kenyan healthcare. SIJ. 2021;8:1-10.
|
|
Africa
|
Liberia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Kollie J. Liberia physician assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Africa
|
Madagascar
|
Clinical Officer
|
Randremanana RV, Razafindratsimandresy R, Andriatahina T, Randriamanantena A, Ravelomanana L, Randrianirina F, et al. Etiologies, Risk Factors and Impact of Severe Diarrhea in the Under-Fives in Moramanga and Antananarivo, Madagascar. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7):1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158862.
|
|
Africa
|
Malawi
|
Medical Assistant
|
Chomba SD. Two for one: the tandem PA comparable in Malawi. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Africa
|
Mali
|
Clinical Officer
|
Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008:1-42.
|
|
Africa
|
Mauritius
|
Community Health Care Officer
|
Mauritius Public Service Public Advertisement. Community Health Care Officer Role. Public Service Commission. Published 2021.
|
|
Africa
|
Mozambique
|
Tecnicos de Medicina Geral
|
Feldacker C, et al. The effect of pre-service training on post-graduation skill and knowledge retention among mid-level healthcare providers in Mozambique. Human Resources for Health. 2015:13(20):1-12. doi:10.1186/s12960-015-0011-9.
|
|
Africa
|
Mozambique
|
Tecnicos de Cirurgia
|
Kruk ME, Pereir C, Vaz F, Bergstrom S, Galeae S. Economic evaluation of surgically trained assistant medical officers in performing major obstetric surgery in Mozambique. BJOG. 2007;114:1253–1260. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01443.x.
|
|
Africa
|
Namibia
|
Clinical Officer
|
Kamwi RN. Regulations relating to minimum requirements of study for registration of Clinical Officer and Clinical Officer Intern: Medical and Dental Act, 2004. Namibian Ministry of Health and Social Services. 2015;1-6.
|
|
Africa
|
Nigeria
|
Community Health Officer
|
Ajisegiri WS, et al. “We just have to help”: Community health workers’ informal task-shifting and task-sharing practices for hypertension and diabetes care in Nigeria. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1-11. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1038062.
|
|
Africa
|
Nigeria
|
Community Health Technologist
|
Ebuehi OM, Campbell PC. Attraction and retention of qualified health workers to rural areas in Nigeria: a case study of four LGAs in Ogun State, Nigeria. Rural and Remote Health 2011;11:1-11.
|
|
Africa
|
Nigeria
|
Community Health Scientist
|
Trust A. Community health monitors inaugurated in Kaduna. Daily Trust Newspaper of Nigeria. Published September 22, 2022.
|
|
Africa
|
Rwanda
|
Clinical Officer
|
Rutatina N, Nsanzabera C. Rwanda, the land of a thousand hills and clinical officers. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Africa
|
Sierra Leone
|
Community Health Assistant
|
Kargbo L, Sillah M. Sierra Leone and the Community Health Officer. SIJ. 2021;8:1-6.
|
|
Africa
|
Sierra Leone
|
Community Health Technician
|
Sierra Leone Parliament. Community Health Practitioners Act, 2017. Gazette No. 39 of August 18, 2016. Freetown: Published May 17, 2017. https://www.parliament.gov.sl/uploads/bill_files/The%20Comm.%20Health%20Practitioners%20Act,%202017.pdf. Accessed April 30, 2023.
|
|
Africa
|
Sierra Leone
|
Community Health Officer
|
Wunda A. Community Health Officers (CHOs) and Community Health Assistants (CHAs) Should Be Regulated. Calabash News Sierra Network. Published April 31, 2020. https://snradio.net/community-health-officers-chos-and-community-health-assistants-chas-should-be-regulated/. Accessed April 27, 2023.
|
|
Africa
|
Somalia
|
Clinical Officer
|
Omar NMS. Demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors Affecting the Development of Postpartum Acute
Kidney Injury in Somalia: Single-Center Experience. International Journal of Women's Health. 2022;14:881-888. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S372453.
|
|
Africa
|
Somaliland
|
Clinical Health Officer
|
Omar K. Somaliland: The Clinical Health Officer. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Africa
|
South Africa
|
Clinical Associate
|
Smalley S, Tshotetsi L. Clinical associates in South Africa - a brief history of the profession. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Africa
|
South Sudan
|
Clinical Officer
|
Meckel M. Rebuilding health infrastructure in war-torn South Sudan. Clinical Advisor. Published April 27, 2015. https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/home/multimedia/global-health-rounds/rebuilding-health-infrastructure-in-war-torn-south-sudan/.
Accessed February 22, 2023.
|
|
Africa
|
Tanzania
|
Clinical Officer
|
Ndimbo D. Tanzania assistant medical officers and clinical officers. SIJ. 2021;8:1-12. Accessed February 22, 2023.
|
|
Africa
|
Tanzania
|
Assistant Medical Officer
|
Rick TJ, Moshi DD. The Tanzanian assistant medical officer. JAAPA. 2018;31(4):43-47. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000531051.04879.59.
|
|
Africa
|
Uganda
|
Clinical Officer
|
Namugosa AC. Clinical officers in Uganda: "the pearl of Africa." SIJ. 2021;8:1-8.
|
|
Africa
|
Zambia
|
Clinical Officer
|
Kamfwa MJ. Zambia: the medical licentiates and the clinical officer duo. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Africa
|
Zimbabwe
|
Clinical Officer
|
Chikono M. Zimbabwe clinical officers. SIJ. 2021;8:1-2.
|
|
Africa
|
|
|
Mullan F, Frehywot S. Non-physician clinicians in 47 sub-Saharan African countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9605):2158-2163. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60785-5.
|
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Asia
|
Afghanistan
|
Physician Assistant
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Asia
|
Armenia
|
Feldsher
|
Hovhannisyan SG, Tragakes E, Lessof S, Aslanian H, Mkrtchyan A. Health care systems in transition: Armenia. World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. 2001;11(3):1-89.
|
|
Asia
|
Bangladesh
|
Medical Assistant
|
Hossen KM. Medical Assistants/Sub-Assistant Community Medical Officer: The Physician Assistant Comparable in Bangladesh. SIJ. 2021;8:1-6.
|
|
Asia
|
Cambodia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Frieze JB, Yadav RP, Sokhan K, Ngak S, Khim TB. Examining the quality of childhood tuberculosis diagnosis in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pub Health. 2017;17(232):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4084-3.
|
|
Asia
|
India
|
Physician Assistant
|
Chandrasekhar A. Indian physician assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Asia
|
Israel
|
Physician Assistant
|
Ozer R, Berkowitz O. Israel physician assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Asia
|
Kazakhstan
|
Feldsher
|
World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe & European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Health care systems in transition: Kazakhstan. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. 1999;00:1-71.
|
|
Asia
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
Feldsher
|
Ibraimova A, Akkazieva B, Ibraimov A, Manzhieva E, Rechel B. Kyrgyzstan: Health system review. Health Syst Transit. 2011;13(3):1–152. PMID: 21697030.
|
|
Asia
|
Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
Medical Associate
|
Quella A, Ohno KT. Laos medical associate. SIJ. 2021;8:1-2.
|
|
Asia
|
Malaysia
|
Medical Associate
|
Mahmud A, Abdullah Z. Malaysia Assistant Medical Officers. SIJ. 2021;8:1-15.
|
|
Asia
|
Mongolia
|
Feldsher
|
Antwi J, Arkoh AA, Choge JK, Dibo TW, Mahmud A, Vankhuu E, et al. Global accreditation practices for accelerated medically trained clinicians: a view of five countries. Hum Resour Health. 2021;19(110):1-7. doi:10.1186/s12960-021-00646-4.
|
|
Asia
|
Myanmar
|
Physician Assistant
|
Brown GR, Blue ZZN. PAs in Myanmar: Courage and humanitarianism required. JAAPA. 2022;35(12):58-60. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000892748.12231.e1.
|
|
Asia
|
Nepal
|
Health Assistant
|
Luitel T, Parajuli R. Nepal Health Assistants The Physician Assistant Comparable. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Asia
|
Saudi Arabia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Ahmed N, Fahringer D. Saudi Arabia Physician Assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Asia
|
Sri Lanka
|
Assistant Medical Officer
|
De Silva V, Strand de Oliveira J, Liyanage M, Østbye T. The assistant medical officer in Sri Lanka: mid-level health worker in decline. J Interprof Care. 2013;27(5):432–433. doi:10.3109/13561820.2013.776023.
|
|
Asia
|
Taiwan
|
Physician Assistant
|
Chou LP, Hu SC. Physician assistants in Taiwan. JAAPA. 2015;28(3):1-3. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000460932.03971.e0.
|
|
Asia
|
Uzbekistan
|
Feldsher
|
Ahmedov M, Azimov R, Mutalova Z, Huseynov S, Tsoyi E, Rechel B. Uzbekistan: health system review. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe. Health Syst Transit. 2014;16(5):1–163.
|
|
Asia
|
Vietnam
|
Community Based Physician Assistant
|
Gill CJ, Le Ngoc B, Halim N, Nguyen H, Williams A, Van T et al. The mCME Project: A Randomized Controlled Trial of an SMS-Based Continuing Medical Education Intervention for Improving Medical Knowledge among Vietnamese Community Based Physicians’ Assistants. PloS one. 2016;11(11):1-19. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166293.
|
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Europe
|
Bulgaria
|
Physician Assistant
|
Vracheva PP. From feldschers to physician assistants in Bulgaria. JAAPA. 2017;30(8):45-46. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000521139.61409.4d.
|
|
Europe
|
England
|
Physician Assistant
|
Straughton K, Chase A. United Kingdom Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Europe
|
Germany
|
Physician Assistant
|
Stolte M, Heistermann P, Stollwerck P. Germany Physician Assistants. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Europe
|
Ireland, Northern UK
|
Physician Assistant
|
Macken M. Ireland Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Europe
|
Ireland, Northern UK
|
Physician Assistant
|
Straughton K, Chase A. United Kingdom Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Europe
|
Ireland, Northern UK
|
Physician Assistant
|
Joyce P, Robinson ST, Alexander LM. PAs in the Republic of Ireland. JAAPA. 2023;36(3):1-5. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000918796.38698.1b.
|
|
Europe
|
Ireland, Northern UK
|
Physician Assistant
|
Joyce P, Robinson ST, Alexander LM. PAs in the Republic of Ireland. JAAPA. 2023;36(3):1-5. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000918796.38698.1b.
|
|
Europe
|
Netherlands
|
Physician Assistant
|
van den Brink G, Driesschen Q, Elfering L. The Netherlands Physician Assistant. SIJ. 2021;8:1-4.
|
|
Europe
|
Poland
|
Feldsher
|
Fiktus P. Legal and social position of the feldsher in Poland in 1945–1989. Polska 1944/45 – 1989. 2017;15:127-148.
https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=636902. Accessed May 06, 2023. |
|
Europe
|
Poland
|
Physician Assistant
|
Bareja S. Poland and physician assistants. JAAPA. 2020;33(11):47-49. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000718292.45648.bf.
|
|
Europe
|
Russia
|
Feldsher
|
Ramer S. The Russian feldsher: A PA prototype in transition. JAAPA. 2018;31(11)1-6. doi:10.1097/01.JAA.0000546484.94936.30.
|
|
Europe
|
Russia
|
Feldsher
|
Romanov A. The Russia Feldsher Overview. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3. https://socialinnovationsjournal.com/index.php/sij/article/view/985. Accessed February 16, 2023.
|
|
Europe
|
Scotland
|
Physician Associate
|
Farmer J, Currie M, Hyman J, West C, Arnott N. Evaluation of physician assistants in National Health Service Scotland. Scott Med J. 2011;56:130-134. doi:10.1258/smj.2011.011109.
|
|
Europe
|
Scotland
|
Physician Associate
|
Straughton K, Chase A. United Kingdom Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Europe
|
Switzerland
|
Physician Associate
|
Bonnard, A. Switzerland Physician Associates, Clinical Specialists. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Europe
|
Ukraine
|
Feldsher
|
Multak N. An Update on Feldsher Training and Practice in the Ukraine. J Physician Assist Educ. 2010;21(3):44-45. doi:10.1097/01367895-201021030-00008.
|
|
Europe
|
Wales
|
Physician Associate
|
Health Education and Improvement Wales. Physician associate. Health Education and Improvement Wales in National Health Service Wales. Published 20Z3. https://heiw.nhs.wales/careers/nhs-wales-careers/roles/medicine/physician-associate/. Accessed May 4, 2023.
|
|
Europe
|
Wales
|
Physician Associate
|
Straughton K, Chase A. United Kingdom Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style |
|---|---|---|---|
|
North America
|
Canada
|
Physician Assistant
|
St. Jacques L, Tsang R, Ensafi S, Patel M. Physician Assistants in Canada. SIJ. 2021;8:1-7.
|
|
North America
|
Puerto Rico
|
Physician Assistant
|
Strand J. The Practicante: Puerto Rico Physician Assistant Prototype. J Physician Assist Educ. 2006;17(2):60-62. doi:10.1097/01367895-200617020-00016.
|
|
North America
|
United States
|
Physician Associate
|
Gordes KL, et al. An Exploration into the Physician Assistant Entry-Level Doctoral Degree: Lessons Learned From Across Health Professions. J Physician Assist Educ. 2022;00(00):1–10. doi:10.1097/JPA.0000000000000411.
|
|
North America
|
United States
|
Physician Associate
|
Showstark M, Mittman D. A Brief Overview of Physician Assistants in the United States. SIJ. 2021;8:1-6.
|
|
Central America
|
Mexico
|
Community Health Technician
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24297.
|
|
South America
|
Columbia
|
Community Health Technician
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
South America
|
Guyana
|
Medical Extension Officer
|
Daniels S. Persons urged to join Medex profession as it celebrates 44 years. Guyana Chronicle. Published October 11 2021.
|
|
South America
|
Peru
|
Community Health Technician
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24298.
|
| Region | Country | Professional Title | Reference AMA Style |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Oceania
|
Australia
|
Physician Assistant
|
Kerlen A. Medicine from Down Under: Physician Assistants in Australia. SIJ. 2021;8:1-5.
|
|
Oceania
|
Fiji
|
Medical Assistant
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Oceania
|
Kiribati
|
Medical Assistant
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Oceania
|
Marshall Islands
|
Health Assistant
|
Human Resource for Health Country Profiles Marshall Islands Health Assistant. WHO Western Pacific Region.2014;00:1-29. ISBN 978 92 9061 640 5.
|
|
Oceania
|
Micronesia
|
Health Assistant
|
Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
|
|
Oceania
|
New Zealand
|
Physician Associate
|
deWolfe L. New Zealand Physician Associates. SIJ. 2021;8:1-3.
|
|
Oceania
|
Papua New Guinea
|
Health Extension Officer
|
Pedersen DM, Pedersen KJ, Barker DS. Rainforest Physician Assistants—The Papua New Guinea Health Extension Officer: An International Physician Assistant Analogue. J Physician Assist Educ. 2015;26(3):155–158. doi:10.1097/JPA.0000000000000037.
|
|
Oceania
|
Tonga
|
Health Officer
|
World Health Organisation. Human Resource for Health Country Profile Tonga Health Assistant. WHO Western Pacific Region. 2014;00:1-36. ISBN 978 92 9061 641 2. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/208195. Accessed February 23, 2023.
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Global
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Brown A, et al. Mid-level health providers: A promising resource. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2011;28(2):308-15.
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Global
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Brown A, et al. Mid-level health providers a promising resource to achieve the health Millennium Development Goals. World Heath Organisation Report. Global Health Workforce Alliance. Genova, Switzerland. 2010.
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Global
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Brown A, et al. Mid-level health providers: A promising resource. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2011;28(2):308-15.
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Global
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Cobb N, Meckel M, Nyoni J, Mulitalo K, Cuadrado H, Sumitani J, et al. Findings from a survey of an uncategorized cadre of clinicians in 46 countries–increasing access to medical care with a focus on regional needs since the 17th century. World Health Popul. 2015;16(1):72-86. doi:10.12927/whp.2015.24296.
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Desai S, Bishnoi RK, Punjot P. Community health officer: the concept of mid-level health care providers. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2020;7(4):1610-1617. doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20201485.
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Lehmann U. Mid-level health workers; The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes: A literature review. WHO and Global Health Workforce Alliance. 2008;00:1-42.
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